published journal article

Can Governments Streamline Environmental Impact Analysis to Promote Transit Oriented Development? Evidence from California

Publication Date

March 1, 2025

Author(s)

Bailey Affolter, Jamey Volker, Nicholas Marantz, Susan Pike, Graham DeLeon

Abstract

California’s seminal Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act of 2008—Senate Bill (SB) 375—includes two provisions specifically intended to help streamline transit-oriented development (TOD) projects through environmental review (California SB 375, 2008). One provision exempts qualifying TODs from environmental review entirely. The other provision streamlines environmental review for qualifying projects. This study explores the use and effect of those provisions. It first quantifies how much and where the provisions have been used. It then uses interviews and email communications with planning and development practitioners to explore why streamlining is used, whether streamlining actually helps reduce the time, cost, and uncertainty of permitting TOD projects, and how streamlining could be improved to better facilitate TOD projects. The study finds that SB 375 streamlining is a mixed bag. Neither streamlining provision has been used extensively. The full exemption appears to have been avoided because its costs and complications outweigh any streamlining benefit, though the more limited streamlining provision was regarded as having at least some utility. It also found that SB 375-streamlined projects might not be fulfilling SB 375’s more fundament goals—reducing vehicle kilometers traveled and greenhouse gas emissions. The clearest lesson for policymakers is to reduce the eligibility requirements for environmental review streamlining provisions.

policy brief

Which Pandemic-Induced Changes in Work and Commuting Are Sticking, and What Does this Mean for Public Policy?

Publication Date

April 1, 2025

Author(s)

Fariba Siddiq, Brian D. Taylor

Abstract

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, most workers were tied to fixed locations and schedules, often necessitating long, stressful commutes that researchers have linked to reduced productivity, and lower overall well-being. During the pandemic, the need for social distancing, together with ongoing advances in communication technologies, led many firms and employees to embrace remote and hybrid work arrangements. Now, in the post-pandemic era, many employees prefer these arrangement and are resisting employers’ “return-to-office” mandates. What is the state of working from home and commuting post-pandemic? This study examined this question using data from the 2022 National Household Travel Survey.

book/book chapter

Pandemic Transit: A National Look at the Shock, Adaptation, and Prospects for Recovery

Abstract

While the COVID-19 pandemic in some way affected every person and enterprise on the planet, the temporary hollowing out of concentrated economic, political, and cultural agglomerations in cities dealt a devastating and potentially enduring blow to the public transit systems that depend on them for so many of their customers. This chapter draws on a survey of 72 U.S. public transit systems and semi-structured interviews with 12 transit agency staff, both conducted in the late summer and early fall of 2020, to consider how the pandemic shocked the transit industry at the outset, and how the industry adapted to deliver transit services. It finds that: transit agencies adapted quickly, and many of their changes are now standard operating procedure; the pandemic tended to affect large and small transit agencies differently; transit’s role as a social service provider took on increased visibility and importance; and financial collapse has been averted, but funding shortfalls may become a pressing issue in the years ahead when federal emergency funding runs out. It concludes that while transit systems have adapted remarkably to dramatic change and that federal funding has largely forestalled fiscal crises, the longer term future of public transit in the U.S. remains very uncertain.

published journal article

Supply-side challenges and research needs on the road to 100% zero-emissions vehicle sales

Abstract

This review paper delves into the supply-side challenges and considerations for transitioning to 100% zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), weaving together an analysis of batteries, vehicle production, charging infrastructure, and relevant supply-side policies. The study begins by examining the innovations and environmental impacts of lithium mining and recycling, highlighting the need for robust frameworks to ensure sustainable battery production. The exploration of vehicle production reveals important issues regarding labor dynamics and global competitiveness. The investigation into charging infrastructure reveals complexities in deployment models and access, reflecting broader societal and economic considerations. Lastly, a critical evaluation of policies across various jurisdictions provides insights into the effectiveness and potential improvements needed to support the ZEV transition. The study emphasizes the need for coordinated efforts and further research, particularly in areas such as end-of-life considerations for batteries and the alignment of international production standards. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the supply-side landscape for ZEVs and underscore the essential research directions to ensure a responsible and successful electrification of the transportation system.

policy brief

Bike Theft: Estimating the Magnitude and Impacts on Bicycling Behavior Policy Brief

Abstract

As cities invest in bicycle lanes to encourage active transportation, it may also be important to ensure safe bicycle parking and other measures of theft prevention. The magnitude of the problem is largely unknown, but it may be substantial given the ease of breaking bike locks, the potential for resale, and the challenges for law enforcement. Also, studies have shown that bike theft can deter a person from bicycling more in the future due to the difficulty replacing the bike or because they are concerned about another theft. To better understand the impact of theft on cycling behavior and assist cities to determine where and how to invest in bike infrastructure and other strategies to ensure that all Californians have access to bicycling, this study conducted a survey of bicycle thefts and recoveries. The study produced suggestions for the State’s Active Transportation Program, and other funding programs for bicycling.

blog

How a Charging-As-A-Service Model Could Support and Expand Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

Abstract

California aims to dramatically increase its electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure, but faces significant challenges. A new business model called charging-as-a-service (CaaS) could help overcome these obstacles and support the state’s ambitious climate goals.

research report

Job Access, Agency Cost, and VMT Impacts of Offering Microtransit alongside Fixed-route Transit

Publication Date

April 1, 2025

Author(s)

Michael Hyland, Susan Pike, Siwei Hu, Jacob Berkel, Yan Xing, Ritun Saha, Geoffrey Vander Veen, Dingtong Yang

Abstract

Public transit ridership has declined in major US cities over the past decade. Integrating traditional fixed-route transit with flexible microtransit has been proposed to enhance ridership, mobility, accessibility, and sustainability. This project surveyed California transit agencies on their microtransit services to identify challenges to integrating them with fixed-route services. An agent-based model combining the two modes of transit was developed to evaluate different operational designs. FleetPy, an open-source simulation tool, modeled microtransit dynamics. The study examined design impacts, such as fixed route headways and microtransit fleet size, in downtown San Diego and Lemon Grove, California. Results showed that while microtransit reduces fixed-route ridership and requires higher subsidies, it significantly boosts job accessibility.

policy brief

More Needs to Be Done to Lower Costs for Ridehailing Drivers to Shift to Electric Vehicles

Abstract

Transportation network companies (TNCs) play an increasingly prominent role in providing on-demand mobility for consumers across California. The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) adopted and are implementing Senate Bill 1014 (Clean Miles Standard), which establishes an annual increase in the percent of zero-emission passenger miles traveled and greenhouse (GHG) emission reduction targets for TNCs. This regulation requires TNC drivers to acquire and operate an electric vehicle (EV). In collaboration with Rideshare Drivers United, a grassroots driver advocacy group, this project collected data to understand the total cost of EV ownership for TNC drivers. The driver survey was distributed in December 2023 and April 2024, investigating driver perceptions and any changes to their driving due to operating an EV. The CPUC dataset reports trip-level TNC activities from September 2019 to October 2020, including data on trip location, time, driver pay, and other variables. The project also evaluated vehicle price and fuel economy data to investigate the economic feasibility of purchasing, leasing, or renting EVs for ride-hailing use. One of the key metrics is the net TNC driver earnings, or the total TNC income subtracted by service fees, fuel costs, monthly vehicle payments, etc.

preprint journal article

Beyond Infrastructure: Patterns of Environmental Justice and Multi-Level Governance in Greater Los Angeles Transportation and Hazard Planning

Abstract

This study evaluates how environmental justice principles are integrated into transportation and hazard plans across multiple levels of jurisdictions in Greater Los Angeles, revealing how the multi-level governance framework shapes planning practices for environmental justice integration across levels and over time. A content analysis was conducted on 16 transportation, hazard preparedness, climate action, and racial equity plans to develop a scoring methodology. Through comparison the study identified patterns and factors contributing to effective environmental justice integration in transportation and hazard planning. Findings show that although infrastructure (transportation and hazard) plans achieve higher environmental justice integration on average than other plans after 2019, some subdimensions – like recognition justice – remain less integrated. Curiously, the positive trend between environmental justice and multi-level governance observed for climate action and racial equity plans is not observed for infrastructure plans, suggesting greater nuance among the strategies that lead to its successful integration in infrastructure planning.

published journal article

Examining Shifts in the Balance of Riders and Bus Service Before and During the Pandemic in Boston, Houston, and Los Angeles

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic reduced and shifted transit demand. Bus service also shifted due to shifts in demand and fiscal uncertainties. We examined bus ridership and service in Boston, Houston, and Los Angeles and find: (1) Houston has the most equal match between riders and service in all time periods; (2) In all three cities the distribution of riders and service grew more unequal in April 2020; (3) Boston did the most to shift service to match demand between April and October of 2020; and (4) LA was the only one to increase ridership/service equity in the mid- versus pre-pandemic.