research report

Using GPS Tracking to Understand the Transportation Costs of Displacement: A San Francisco Pilot

Abstract

California’s housing crisis has spurred residential displacement of low-income households from its high-cost coastal regions. Yet little is known about the transportation costs of displacement. As low-income households are displaced from high to lower-cost areas that may lack high-quality transit options, one may expect them to shift transportation modes, have longer commutes, and pay more of their income for transportation. This study aimed to pilot several data collection instruments in an effort to design a larger study on the transportation costs of displacement. The team attempted to recruit people who were about to be evicted to download a GPS app on their phones and answer two surveys about their travel patterns and other characteristics before, during, and after their eviction. After seven months of active recruitment, and partnering with eviction defense organizations, the research team terminated the study without having collected any data. Ultimately the researchers believe a lighter touch study would have been more successful and that it may have been too much to ask a person undergoing what may be considered a traumatic life event to install a GPS tracking app on their phone and dedicate several hours and emotional energy to a study. The need to characterize the transportation costs of displacement, however, is still important and the research team believes a shorter retrospective survey may be a more appropriate data collection method to pilot.

research report

Understanding the Impact of Local Policies and Initiatives on Plug-In Electric Vehicle Adoption - An In-Depth Study of the Sacramento Region

Abstract

The survey project described here is intended to be the beginning of a multi-year project on the effectiveness of various activities in growing consumer interest in purchasing Battery Electric Vehicles in the Sacramento region. This survey in Sacramento shows that engagement in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is moderate, based on the following results: 50% of respondents had seen some PEV-related advertising, mostly on television or in print media; 47% were aware of the California Clean Vehicle Rebate, and 46% aware of the federal tax credit; 40% could correctly name a PHEV, and 50% a BEV; 25% had sought out information on PEVs, mostly through the internet or speaking to car salespeople, friends, or family. Compared to respondents to a 2014 state-wide survey, a higher percentage of respondents to this 2018 Sacramento survey had seen charging stations, and a similar percentage, 3.3%, had actively shopped for a BEV. Ordinal logistic regression modeling indicated that the following factors were associated with having considered purchasing a BEV: being enthusiastic about PEVs, knowing someone by name who owns a PEV, having sought out information on PEVs, knowing how to refuel a PEV, and being familiar with the vehicles. Considering a Battery Electric Vehicles purchase was not associated with having seen advertising, being aware of ride-and-drive events, having been in a PEV, having seen chargers, awareness of incentives, or the density of PEVs or charging stations near the respondent’s home. Results suggest that respondents who are interested in BEVs are a self-selecting group whose interest is not the result of promotional activities. Existing efforts to engage the general population have not yet had a significant impact on respondents thinking about purchasing a BEV. Future follow-up surveys will be able to track changes in respondent awareness, the impact of various advertising and awareness campaigns, and growing consumer engagement in PEVs over time.

research report

An Equitable and Integrated Approach to Paying for Roads in a Time of Rapid Change

Abstract

A brief overview of transportation user fees (historically and in a contemporary context) is presented followed by a discussion on how segmenting travel into three categories –long haul, the last mile, and at the curb–creates a new typology for transportation pricing and access mechanisms. A case study based upon California’s recent Road Charge Pilot Program demonstrates a quantitative example of a blended long haul/last mile approach using a parametric mileage-based user fee (MBUF); the case investigates distributional cost burdens under different pricing calibration scenarios. There are many ways to raise the same amount of money with a parametric structure, but compared to a gas tax and flat mileage-based fee, a parametric structure may produce a better distribution of cost burdens. Technical, political, legal, and other considerations for implementation discussed, drawn from a literature review of current efforts; often these aspects can direct the development of a pricing mechanism as much if not more than empirically derived goals. The conclusion discusses how this approach can aid in the development of pricing mechanisms that move closer to the user-pays principle.

research report

Is It OK to Get in a Car with a Stranger? Risks and Benefits of Ride-pooling in Shared Automated Vehicles

Abstract

There is currently little info on what to expect regarding ride-pooling in shared automated vehicles (SAVs). Who will be willing to share rides, with whom, and under what conditions? This report details the efforts and results funded by two seed grants that converged on these questions. A broad-based literature review and review of automated vehicle (AV designs) leads to the articulation of potential risks and benefits of the pooled SAV experience and potential design solutions and supports, respectively. Risks could be related to compromised personal space, security, control, and convenience. Design features that might mitigate these risks include large windows to afford a high degree of visibility into and out of the vehicle, spacious seating and legroom (relative to larger shared vehicles like buses, trains, and planes), access to a remote human administrator who can observe inside the vehicle at all times, easy means to program private stops that are nearby one’s ultimate origins and destinations (to maintain privacy), and options for large groups or associations to “own” a particular vehicle (e.g., a female only SAV). The benefits of pooled SAVs could be related to restoration and social capital. Design features that could support these benefits include themed interiors; quizzes, games, and ambient entertainment; augmented reality windshields; flexible seating allowing riders to face each other; accommodations for food and drink; ensuring broad access; and making SAVs a canvas for local art. The report ends with a proposed research agenda highlighting the importance of qualitative engagement with consumers to understand the issues related to switching to pooled SAVs from various dominant travel modes (e.g., private cars, ride-hailing, public transit); leveraging analogous modes (e.g., pooled ride-hailing) to study the potential of pooled SAVs; and conducting experiments to understand the influence of various features of the pooled SAV experience that will impact consumer adoption. This report can inform SAV designers, policy-makers, private transit service providers, and other stakeholders about behavioral and design factors that will impact the uptake of pooled SAVs.

research report

Regional Industrial Land Preservation: Perspectives from San Francisco Bay Area Cities on a Priority Production Area Program

Abstract

This report lays the groundwork for the Metropolitan Transportation Commission – Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG-MTC) as they develop a Priority Production Area (PPA) program. The PPA program will include locally designated industrial zones and seek to identify resources for these areas while recognizing the need to balance land uses and that creating housing across the Bay Area is of primary importance. This study initiated outreach and engagement with local jurisdictions and experts to gain a better understanding of how local jurisdictions define their industrial space, how well current zoning works for their industrial land users, and the degree to which a PPA designation could help with business operations, retention or shaping the area’s future development. This report synthesizes input received as part of this engagement. Given that the PPA program is an action item of Plan Bay Area that integrates transportation and land use management into its long-range plan in an effort to meet greenhouse gas reduction targets, addressing the transportation needs associated with industrial lands could be a central component of the PPA program. Therefore, this report also explores both goods movement and worker accessibility challenges mentioned by city staff and experts and recommends how this PPA program could address these issues. Going forward, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission – Association of Bay Area Governments will need to prioritize the suggestions and ideas generated through this initial outreach process and determine which challenges and needs can feasibly be addressed with the PPA program.

research report

Assessing Alternatives to California's Electric Vehicle Registration Fee

Abstract

After the Road Repair and Accountability Act of 2017 (Senate Bill 1) was passed, transportation revenue funding in California was bolstered by numerous fees including gasoline and diesel taxes, as well as an annual registration fee exclusively for zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). The research team assesses the ability of the ZEV registration fee to provide adequate funding in the future, how the registration fees affect the sales of ZEVs in California, and alternative funding mechanisms instead of the registration fee. The team finds that the registration fee is not a sustainable mechanism to provide adequate funding as California transitions towards ZEVs. Additionally, the fee detracts from the market adoption of ZEV technologies by as much as a 20% decrease in new ZEV sales. Lastly, the researchers examine alternative funding mechanisms include a fuel tax for hydrogen and electricity, as well as a road user charge (RUC). The research team finds that a ZEV-exclusive RUC is the most promising alternative to the ZEV registration fee.

policy brief

Creating a Regional Program for Preserving Industrial Land: Perspectives from San Francisco Bay Area Cities

Abstract

Industrial land plays a vital role in supporting the regional economy in the San Francisco Bay Area. It provides the operating space and support services for export sectors and other important local clusters, maintains linkages between businesses and sustains a local supply chain, provides diverse employment opportunities for people with a broad range of skills (including those with lower educational attainment), and supports a high share of middle-wage job opportunities. However, the Bay Area’s current inventory of industrial land (and associated jobs) is at risk due to increasing pressure from housing and mixed-use construction1. In addition, the region’s state-mandated Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) for the nine-county area (Plan Bay Area) does little to address the needs of businesses that are not located in retail or office space. In response, the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) Executive Board unanimously recommended that ABAG staff develop a Priority Production Area (PPA) program for industrial areas. The PPA program, if adopted, will include locally designated zones where production, distribution, and repair (PDR) services would receive priority in determining future land use, and would be a designation that cities can voluntarily adopt. ABAG-MTC anticipates completing a final draft of the PPA program no later than the end of 2019 for incorporation into Plan Bay Area 2050.

dissertation, thesis, or capstone

Lessons from Transportation Agency Participation In Regional Conservation Initiatives

research report

Measure M and the Potential Transformation of Mobility in Los Angeles

Abstract

Why do voters choose to raise their own taxes for public transportation? Should we expect this political willingness to finance transit to change travel behavior? This project examines those questions by analyzing Measure M, the sales tax increase that LA County voters approved by ballot in 2016. Measure M was designed to be transformative, and help make LA a more multimodal region. The paper first shows that this goal is ambitious: LA differs greatly from the American regions where transit use is more common. Then two original surveys are used to examine the reasons for Measure M’s support. The paper finds that the reasons for supporting Measure M were often partisan, and/or related to beliefs about transit’s ability to improve social problems. Supporters of Measure M exhibit little appetite for riding transit, and little interest in the complementary policies (more density, less parking, congestion charging) that would make new transit investments more effective.