research report

Evaluating Equity in Distribution Grid Access with California’s Electric Vehicle Expansion

Abstract

The transition to a decarbonized energy system is creating significant changes in the electricity distribution grid, particularly with the rapid uptake of electric vehicles (EVs). This study explores the equity implications of these changes by analyzing needed distribution grid upgrades across various communities in California. Utilizing real-world distribution grid data and detailed simulations of light-duty, medium-duty, and heavy-duty EV charging behavior, the spatial disparities in grid resource upgrade needs and utilization is assessed. The findings show that by 2035, with the growth in EV charging demand, high-density residential areas are expected to have a higher fraction of feeders (neighborhood electric lines and transformers) that will need an upgrade. Additionally, communities with higher CalEnviroScreen scores (indicating greater pollution and socioeconomic burdens) generally exhibit lower EV adoption rates and are expected to have a higher share of feeders that will need to be upgraded, though with less extensive upgrades on average. Despite differences in capacity upgrade needs among different communities, the costs versus benefits from the upgraded distribution grid resources is expected to be quite proportional among different communities. While the top 20% disadvantaged communities utilize grid resources less than other communities due to their lower charging demand, the infrastructure upgrade costs in these communities are also lower.

research report

A Path Forward for Transit Rider Experience and Safety: Lessons from the LA Metro Ambassador Pilot Program

Publication Date

December 19, 2025

Author(s)

Jacob Wasserman, Madeline Brozen, Phoebe Chiu, Adonia Lugo, Arman Koohian

Abstract

A growing number of U.S. transit agencies are adding transit ambassadors to their systems to improve the customer service and safety experience for passengers. These personnel can play a variety of different roles, including providing wayfinding, system navigation, fare payment support, and other passenger support roles that enhance the customer experience. This research examines the Los Angeles Metro’s transit ambassador program, which began as a pilot in 2022 and is moving in-house in 2025 as a permanent program. Ambassadors provide key customer service functions that are not filled elsewhere. Ambassadors spend most of their time with vital, basic tasks of orienting and aiding riders; they also assist with the first level of homelessness response, with crisis de-escalation, and by administering Narcan to prevent overdoses. Broadly, they provide more eyes on the system and offer a highly visible presence to riders. Training during the pilot period was customer-service oriented but lacked thorough instruction in conflict resolution techniques. The contractor model, while quick to implement and iterate, created some employment drawbacks during the pilot phase, such as paying below living wages, lack of on-the-job resources, and reports of strenuous working conditions. System satisfaction, ratings, and safety perceptions increased over the period ambassadors were deployed, but we lack data to draw firm causal conclusions. The program to date demonstrates progress towards meeting the intention to advance a community safety approach to meeting riders’ needs and appears to be making a positive contribution to the system.

policy brief

Rethinking Transportation Assistance: LA’s Mobility Wallet Pilot Shows Promise in Securing Travel Access for Residents

Publication Date

December 18, 2025

Author(s)

Caroline Rodier, Yunwan Zhang, Brian Harold, Christiana Drake

Abstract

People living on low incomes often lack affordable and reliable transportation options. These barriers limit access to essential destinations such as medical appointments, school, and jobs. In response, several U.S. cities have tested universal basic mobility wallets that provide flexible transportation funds to low-income residents. In 2023, the Los Angeles Department of Transportation and the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority launched one of the largest mobility wallet pilot programs, offering $150 per month to 1,000 participants over the course of a year on prepaid debit cards. Participants could use the monthly stipend to pay for transit, ridehailing, carsharing, car rentals, shared bicycles and scooters, and bicycle purchases.

To understand the impacts of this pilot, the research team compared survey responses over time from people enrolled in the pilot to a similar group who were eligible but not enrolled. This approach enabled them to evaluate how the LA mobility wallet affected participants’ ability to reach essential travel destinations, as well as potential economic and health benefits and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

policy brief

The LA Metro Transit Ambassador Pilot Program Shows Promise in Improving Customer Experience and Safety on Transit

Publication Date

December 16, 2025

Author(s)

Jacob Wasserman, Madeline Brozen, Phoebe Chiu, Adonia Lugo, Arman Koohian

Abstract

Transit agencies across the country are rethinking how to improve the customer service and safety experience for riders. One promising approach is the use of transit ambassadors that provide a visible, customer-focused presence at stations and on vehicles. Ambassadors help riders navigate the system; answer questions about schedules, routes, and fare payment; and help riders access assistance when needed. Los Angeles Metro launched its transit ambassador program as a pilot in 2022, initially contracting with two private firms to deploy ambassadors across its system. Within a year, the program expanded to roughly 300 ambassadors systemwide.

policy brief

Free and Reduced Transit Fare Programs in California Increased After COVID-19–But Can it Last?

Abstract

Free and reduced transit fare programs can boost transit ridership and benefit low-income individuals, students, seniors, and those with disabilities though financial sustainability is typically a concern. During the COVID-19 pandemic, transit agencies across California faced dramatic ridership declines and began expanding these programs—particularly for students—as a strategy to rebuild demand. Yet, little is known about how widespread free and reduced transit fare programs have become, what impacts they are having on ridership, and how agencies are funding them. To help address these questions, we surveyed California transit agencies in 2019 and 2024 and interviewed selected agencies to better understand how these programs are working in practice.

published journal article

The Evolving Travel and Driving Behaviors of Older U.S. Travelers in the 21st Century

Publication Date

December 4, 2025

Author(s)

Phoebe Chiu, Yu Hong Hwang, Fariba Siddiq, Brian D. Taylor

Abstract

The number and share of U.S. residents aged 60+ years have increased substantially since 2000, and both are projected to expand further in the years ahead. The mobility patterns of this growing cohort of travelers are consequential and only lightly studied since the COVID-19 pandemic. To better understand the travel patterns of older adults and how they have evolved since the turn of the century broadly, and following the COVID-19 pandemic in particular, this article analyzes national data from the 2001, 2009, 2017, and 2022 iterations of the U.S. National Household Travel Survey. The article compares travelers in their 60s, 70s, and above with middle-aged (aged 30–59 years) and younger travelers (aged 5–14 and 15–29 years) across multiple dimensions. The study finds that trip-making and person-miles of travel have been falling for older and younger travelers for years and declined dramatically following the pandemic. Meanwhile, both trip lengths and driving rates have grown. The study finds, as well, that older adults are driving later in life over time, and non-driving adults are making fewer trips and traveling fewer miles than those who remain behind the wheel. The study also finds that the odds of giving up driving because of a medical condition or disability have declined significantly since 2009, controlling for an array of factors associated with travel. The practical and policy implications of reduced trip-making, longer trips, higher rates of driving, and declining driver cessation among older travelers are many, and warrant more attention from transportation analysts and policymakers in the years ahead.

policy brief

A Cross-sector Micromobility Research Roadmap

Publication Date

December 8, 2025

Author(s)

Abstract

Micromobility—including shared, loaned, and leased bikes, e-bikes, and e-scooters—holds significant promise in supporting more sustainable travel. It supports first- and last-mile connections to public transit and reduces vehicle
miles traveled (VMT) and associated emissions. However, the micromobility sector faces persistent challenges, and the path forward to delivering sustainable and equitable services remains unclear. To help chart that path, a Delphi study was conducted via two online surveys of micromobility stakeholders (N=45). Based on the findings, this brief presents a research roadmap that reflects the priorities of government, industry, and advocacy groups. It highlights where stakeholder perspectives align and where they diverge—laying the foundation for more targeted and collaborative research, policy, and practice.

policy brief

LA County's GoPass Program Helped Build Transit Ridership While Enhancing Student Outcomes

Abstract

Transit ridership recovery has been uneven post-pandemic, following an 81% drop in the U.S. between April 2019 and April 2020. Agencies across the U.S. are searching for ways to rebuild trust, attract new riders, and address funding shortfalls. One promising approach has been offering free or reduced-fare programs, particularly for students who represent the next generation of transit users. In fall 2021, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro) launched GoPass, which gives students from kindergarten through community college (K–14) at participating schools unlimited free rides on buses and trains. LA Metro designed the program to rebuild ridership, improve transportation access for disadvantaged communities, encourage life-long transit use, and lay the groundwork for seamless electronic payment for younger riders. By winter 2023, more than 241,000 students were enrolled, generating over 1.2 million monthly boardings–making GoPass the largest fareless program for students in the U.S.

research report

Evaluation of a Large Scale Universal Basic Mobility Wallet in South Los Angeles (Phase I)

Publication Date

December 8, 2025

Author(s)

Caroline Rodier, Yunwan Zhang, Brian Harold, Christiana Drake

Abstract

People with low incomes often face difficulties traveling because of a dearth of affordable and reliable transportation modes, and this has profound quality-of-life implications. In this longitudinal partial randomized controlled trial of universal basic mobility wallets, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro) provided nearly 1,000 residents with prepaid debit cards loaded with $150 in transportation funds per month for 12 months beginning in May 2023. These could be used to pay for local and regional transit, carsharing, car rentals, ridehailing, bicycle/scooter sharing, and merchandise purchased at local bicycle shops. Analysis of surveys before and during the pilot showed a significant increase in transportation security (p < 0.001), accessible destinations (p = 0.035), and use of ridehailing (p < 0.001) for participants in the pilot compared to people not enrolled in the pilot (control). The study also includes observational analyses for the treatment group suggesting that the pilot improved financial freedom, motivated changes personal vehicle holdings, and improved the ability to make certain trips.

policy brief

The Equity Challenge: Ensuring Grid Upgrades Don’t Leave Communities Behind in California

Abstract

California’s rapid shift toward vehicle electrification will require substantial upgrades to the state’s electricity distribution grid (i.e., the part of the electric power system that delivers electricity from substations to homes, businesses, and other end users). Without proactive planning, these upgrades risk exacerbating existing inequities in access to electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure and grid capacity. Specifically, disadvantaged communities that already struggle with higher pollution and economic hardship have lower rates of EV adoption, but are more likely to need costly grid upgrades to support charging. To better understand these equity implications, this project analyzed grid capacity and charging needs across more than 5,000 distribution feeders in California. It combined real-world utility data with projections of EV adoption and charging behavior models for light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles.