Effects of Road Collisions on the Travel Behavior of Vulnerable Groups: Expert Interview Findings

Status

Complete

Project Timeline

October 1, 2022 - September 30, 2023

Principal Investigator

Prashanth Venkataram

Project Summary

The last five years in California have seen annual averages of over 3,800 fatalities, nearly 15,900 serious (but not fatal) injuries, and over 233,100 minor injuries from vehicular collisions. These collisions disproportionately occur in marginalized neighborhoods and victimize people from socioeconomically marginalized groups, including people with disabilities. Despite the physical injuries and mental traumas that collisions can inflict upon victims, loved ones, emergency responders, and even otherwise unrelated bystanders, little is known about the effects of collisions on their travel behavior, such as frequency of travel and mode choices. Hypothetically, decreases in travel frequency could significantly harm socioeconomic equity, as victims or loved ones who travel less may participate less in the economy as workers or consumers, and these effects may be amplified for people with disabilities, who already face disadvantages with respect to access and mobility. Additionally, changes in mode choices, especially away from public or active transportation toward private vehicular transportation, may undercut Caltrans’s connected goals for road safety, equity, and greenhouse gas emission reduction in the California Transportation Plan 2050, Caltrans 2020-2024 Strategic Plan, and California 2020-2024 Strategic Highway Safety Plan. This study aims to answer: (1) How do experiences with collisions or near misses affect travel frequencies and mode choices among people with disabilities? (2) Do experiences with collisions or near misses correlate with people being less likely to use certain vehicular modes (e.g., driving, riding as a passenger, or using taxis, ridehailing services, or paratransit) compared to those without such experiences? To answer these questions, this project will use informal interviews, focus groups, and a survey. The research team will work with community-based organizations (CBOs) throughout California, especially those that advocate for people with disabilities, who are disproportionately vulnerable to collisions, as well as those which advocate for road safety in socioeconomically marginalized communities. Informal interviews and focus groups with representatives from those CBOs will help the researchers better understand issues facing people experiencing collisions and near misses, what questions may be too sensitive or problematic to ask such people, and policy challenges. Following these discussions, the research team will survey adults in California about their current frequencies of using different modes of transportation, firsthand or secondhand experiences with collisions or near misses, the extent to which those experiences have influenced their mode choices, their neighborhood type, and demographic, socioeconomic, and disability status. Findings will contribute to formulating policies for roadway safety, transportation equity, and greenhouse gas emission reduction.

Collection of Activity Data from On-Road Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles

Status

Complete

Project Timeline

August 1, 2016 - July 31, 2017

Principal Investigator

Kanok Boriboonsomsin

Project Summary

A selective catalytic reduction (SCR) after treatment system on 2010-technology heavy-duty diesel vehicles reduces oxides of nitrogen (NOX) emission in the exhaust stream, but requires adequate temperature, typically at least 200°C, for the reduction to take place. However, there are times when this temperature requirement is not met, such as initial engine start and during low load operations experienced when the vehicle is idling or moving slowly to meet various vocational demands. To better quantify real-world NOx emissions achieved by SCR, it is thus critical to characterize heavy-duty diesel vehicle vocation-specific activity profiles, including duty cycles, number of engine starts, SCR temperature profiles, and engine soak time distributions. The project team recruited and collected instantaneous location and engine activity data for a minimum of 4 weeks for each of 90 heavy-duty vehicles with gross vehicle weight ratings (GVWR) of 26,000lbs or higher. Eight of the 90 vehicles were not equipped with SCR after treatment systems: five express buses powered by natural gas and three diesel trucks older than the 2010 model year. A total of 19 vocation types were identified, covering a range of vocational uses, GVWR, and geographic regions. Activity profiles of idling, diurnal distribution of activity, trips per day, soak time distribution, SCR temperature profiles, and characteristics of driving cycles were characterized for each vocation type. These activity profiles are extremely important for improving the heavy-duty NOx emission inventory and estimating the frequency of good SCR function.

Towards More Credible VMT Forecasts for Project-Level Analysis in California

Status

In Progress

Project Timeline

June 1, 2026 - June 30, 2028

Principal Investigator

Campus(es)

UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UCLA

Project Summary

Much of California’s sustainability policy is premised on the idea of reducing Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT). Under current state law, development projects cannot be approved without first estimating how much VMT they are likely to create, and then (often) taking steps to mitigate that VMT. The obstacle California faces, for this regulatory regime to be successful, is one of accounting. It remains hard to determine if a given policy reduces VMT, and if so, by how much. More accurate predictions of VMT impacts would reduce the likelihood that resources are being wasted on ineffective policies and offer assurance to stakeholders that state policies are achieving their intended pollution and greenhouse gas goals. This project focuses on three areas of improvement: 1) A more accurate and complete measurement of VMT, particularly using phone and odometer data; 2) A more accurate causal understanding of how development or transportation projects with different characteristics affect VMT; 3) A more accurate and readily accessible way to forecast VMT impacts of projects in comparison to well-defined counterfactual scenarios. This new analysis will focus on the VMT impacts of land development projects and of transportation projects believed to mitigate or reduce VMT. Results will be translated into one or more demonstration tools showing how to better estimate project-level VMT or VMT-mitigation, drawing in part from consultations with practitioners who will constitute an advisory group for the project.

Do Existing Policies Still Hold? Quantifying Enduring Post-COVID Travel Patterns and Calibrating Policies

Status

In Progress

Project Timeline

January 1, 2026 - December 31, 2026

Principal Investigator

Project Team

David Bunch, Siddhartha Gulhare

Campus(es)

UC Davis

Project Summary

The pandemic has caused lasting changes in when, where, and why people travel, affecting transportation policies built on pre-pandemic habits. This proposal explores the scale and structure of travel shifts after the pandemic. It evaluates whether California’s Sustainable Communities Strategies (SCS), targeted programs like Green Means Go, remain effective, and if SB 743 aligns with new travel behaviors. Utilizing LEHD LODES and Replica data, the project team analyzes origin-destination patterns by time-of-day, trip purpose, and residential choices across industries from 2019 to 2024. The research uses term clusters (representing complete communities), where residents can live, work, and access daily needs within the same area. First, the team analyzes intra- and inter-cluster travel changes to determine whether travel has become localized or dispersed. Second, researchers examine whether the self-sufficient cluster model, where people can live, work, and recreate within the same area, is consistent across industries and income groups. Finally, the team evaluates if hybrid work patterns have changed job-housing balance and impacted the resilience of clusters targeted for infill and VMT reduction. This study offers timely empirical insights to assist state policymakers (SACOG, SCAG) in revisiting policy assumptions, updating SB 375 implementation strategies, and identifying where local plans may need recalibration to meet California’s goals.

State Preemption and Parking Requirements

Status

Complete

Project Timeline

August 1, 2023 - December 31, 2025

Principal Investigator

Campus(es)

UCLA

Project Summary

We consider how cities are responding to California’s legislation that preempts them from requiring parking close to transit. To what extent are cities sticking to the letter of the law? Which cities are going further and taking the opportunity to go beyond the scope of the state requirements? Or are some cities attempting to evade the spirit of the law?

Do Parking Requirements Reflect Anti-Muslim Bias?

Status

In Progress

Project Timeline

September 25, 2023 - June 30, 2027

Principal Investigator

Project Team

Adam Millard-Ball, Huzaifa Shahbaz

Campus(es)

UC Santa Cruz, UCLA

Project Summary

The negative impacts of minimum parking requirements are well established. More parking leads people to buy more cars and drive them more, which contributes to air pollution, climate change, and road injuries and deaths. Parking requirements also constrain densities and make it difficult to adaptively reuse historic buildings. More recent studies have highlighted the equity consequences of minimum parking requirements, such as increasing rents and constraining the supply of affordable housing. This project addresses an equity concern regarding the potential disparate impact of parking requirements on minority religious communities in California, particularly Muslim communities. Previous research has indicated that Muslim mosques often face demands for additional parking beyond mandated minimums, exceeding the variances typically granted to Christian churches. In collaboration with the community-based organization Council on American-Muslim Relations the project team will investigate and analyze the disproportionate financial burdens placed on mosques in contrast to churches during parking discussions that may seem innocuous. To do this, the researchers will study a sample of 30 to 40 new mosques constructed since 2010 and create a paired dataset that matches them with churches built around the same time in similar locations. Using this paired dataset, they will conduct qualitative interviews with city officials, as well as Muslim and Christian religious leaders, to examine how parking requirements influenced the planning approval processes and to identify potential instances of anti-Muslim bias facilitated by these requirements.

Clean Air in Cities: Impact of the Layout of Buildings in Urban Areas on Pedestrian Exposure to Ultrafine Particles from Traffic

Status

Complete

Project Timeline

August 1, 2016 - July 31, 2017

Principal Investigator

Project Team

Liye Zhu, Dilhara Ranasinghe, Marcelo Chamecki, Michael J. Brown

Project Summary

Southern California is no stranger to auto-related pollution. Areas near roadways typically demonstrate much higher pollutant concentrations; as a result, pedestrians and residents in these areas face greater exposure to air pollutants. In dense urban areas like Los Angeles, near-roadway environments can include most street-level outdoor spaces. At the same time, traffic-related pollution levels in urban areas are highly variable. Although the connection between built environment and street-level pollutant concentrations is a nascent field of study, it is clear that the design of the built environment plays a major role on pollution concentration. The researchers examined the effects of different built environment designs on the concentrations of street-level ultrafine particles (UFP) at the scale of several blocks using the Quick Urban and Industrial Complex (QUIC) numerical modeling system. They evaluated the effects of several built environment designs, changing building heights and spacing while holding total built environment volumes constant. They found that ground-level open space reduces street-level pollutant concentrations. Holding volume/surface area constant, tall buildings clustered together with larger open spaces between buildings resulted in substantially lower pollutant concentrations than buildings in rows. Buildings arranged on a ‘checkerboard’ grid with smaller contiguous open spaces, a configuration with some open space on one of the sides of the roadway at all locations, resulted in the lowest average concentrations for almost all wind directions. Rows usually prohibit mixing for perpendicular and oblique wind directions, even when there are large spaces between them, and clustered buildings have some areas where buildings border both sides of the roadways, inhibiting mixing. The model results suggest that pollutant concentrations drop off rapidly with height in the first 10 m or so above the roadways. In addition, the simulated vertical concentration profiles show a moderate elevated peak at the roof levels of the shorter buildings within the area. Model limitations and suggestions both for urban design are both discussed.

Transit Investment Impacts on Land Use Beyond the Half-Mile Mark

Status

Complete

Project Timeline

August 1, 2016 - July 31, 2017

Principal Investigator

Project Team

Ashley (Wan-Tzu) Lo, Jaewoo Cho

Project Summary

This project examines the impacts of light rail transit investments on broader vicinity areas in Los Angeles County. This project found that the land use impacts of public transit investments are not necessarily confined to the half-mile boundary around station areas, although substantial variation exists by transit line. While the areas beyond the half-mile mark were often excluded from conventional transit-oriented planning processes, these areas show a distinct pattern of land use transformation. Areas beyond the half-mile mark had a higher rate of development for several urban purposes, particularly after a few years have elapsed since the opening of nearby transit lines/stations.

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research report

Understanding Post-Pandemic Travel Behavior Patterns and Trends in California

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic fundamentally reshaped global mobility, forcing a departure from previous travel norms. In California, initial declines in public transit and ride-hailing were accompanied by a surge in private vehicle interest and shifts to active travel. To assess whether spatial and temporal travel patterns shifted between 2019 and 2023, this study analyzed Performance Measurement System freeway data, regional transit boarding records, and spatial econometric modeling of Streetlight Insight data. The findings reveal a near-recovery of weekday freeway volumes and stable weekend patterns, yet an uneven transit recovery that favors buses over rail and weekends over weekdays. There was significant spatial dependence in active transportation; while the primary factors influencing walking and cycling remain consistent, their relative magnitudes have shifted. Ultimately, Californians’ choices of transportation modes are different after the pandemic than they were before it. Integrating these altered patterns into current planning frameworks is essential for developing resilient, equitable, and sustainable transportation policies.

Icon of megaphone

policy brief

Free Transit Helps Students—But Car Access, Transit Quality, and Perceptions Still Shape Who Benefits

Abstract

Fare-free transit programs are increasingly used to increase ridership and reduce household transportation costs, especially for lower-income households. In California, where fewer than ten percent of school trips are made on school buses and many students travel long distances to reach school, transit costs and access can pose real barriers to education and after school opportunities. At the same time, fare-free programs require substantial and ongoing public investment, raising important questions about whether eliminating fares alone is enough to meaningfully change student travel behavior.

In October 2021, LA Metro—the largest transit agency in Los Angeles County—launched the GoPass pilot program in partnership with other transit operators and multiple school districts, providing free transit passes to K-14 students. To better understand how GoPass influences student travel, who participates, and why, the research team examined student travel behavior, perceptions, and program participation across two complementary studies. One focused on Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD), including a survey of 1,800 LACCD students, while the other focused on high school students in a predominantly low-income school district.