Abstract
On-demand mobility services like bikesharing, scooter sharing, and transportation network companies (TNCs) are transforming travel by providing flexible, on-demand options that complement public transit and personal vehicles. Their rapid adoption, particularly in urban areas, is driven by affordability and convenience. The growth of ridesharing and TNCs offers an opportunity to reduce congestion, energy use, and emissions by encouraging pooled rides and reducing personal vehicle ownership. This research uses a survey of four California metropolitan regions to explore policy strategies that incentivize pooling. It highlights how frequent TNC users, particularly low-income individuals, rely on these services for essential trips and are more likely to consider pooling. Time and cost tradeoffs are also examined across different regions and demographics to inform policies aimed at increasing pooling through pricing, curb management, and promotional efforts.
